Age-related macular degeneration, commonly known as AMD, is a leading cause of vision loss among older adults. This eye disease affects millions of Americans and can significantly impact a person’s central vision, making everyday activities harder, including reading, driving, recognizing faces, and enjoying hobbies.
As its name suggests, age-related macular degeneration becomes more common as we get older, particularly after the age of 50. However, aging does not mean that vision loss is inevitable. Several factors influence a person’s risk of developing AMD, including age, family history, and lifestyle.
Risk Factors and Habits
People with a family history of macular degeneration are at increased risk. AMD is also more common among people of European ancestry compared to other racial and ethnic groups. Although certain studies have explored associations with lighter eye color (such as blue eyes) and female sex, these factors are less established than age, family history, and smoking.
Cigarette smoking is one of the most significant modifiable risk factors for developing AMD. Even a history of smoking increases the likelihood of developing the disease and is associated with its progression. Other factors, including history of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and an unhealthy lifestyle, may also contribute to risk.
There are several ways to support long-term eye health and potentially reduce the risk of AMD and its progression. These include exercising regularly, managing blood pressure and cholesterol, and avoiding smoking. Maintaining a nutritious diet rich in leafy greens and colorful vegetables such as kale, spinach, and orange bell peppers, and wearing sunglasses that provide 100% UVA and UVB protection are also great ways to support eye health.
An Overview of Macular Degeneration
To understand macular degeneration, it helps to understand the anatomy of the eye. The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. Within the retina is a small area called the macula, which is responsible for sharp, central vision. It allows us to see fine details, read small print, recognize faces, and perform tasks that require precise vision.
When the macula becomes damaged, central vision can become blurred, distorted, or lost. Some people also experience difficulty adapting to changes in lighting, such as moving from a brightly lit room into a dimly lit space. The degree of vision loss varies from person to person, depending on the severity and stage of the disease. Although some people experience only mild changes, advanced AMD can cause significant and permanent central vision loss.
Types of AMD
There are two main forms of AMD: dry and wet. Both affect the macula, but they develop differently and require different treatment approaches.
Dry AMD is the more common form, accounting for approximately 80% to 90% of cases. It involves structural changes in the tissues of the macula, including the accumulation of deposits and, in more advanced stages, the gradual loss of retinal cells.
Dry AMD can range from mild changes with no noticeable symptoms to advanced disease with substantial central vision loss. Although early and intermediate stages are generally monitored rather than treated with medication, newer treatments are available for certain patients with an advanced form of dry AMD. These treatments may slow the progression of retinal damage but do not restore vision that has already been lost.
Wet AMD is less common but can cause more rapid and severe vision loss. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath or into the retina. These vessels may leak fluid or blood, damaging the macula and disrupting central vision.
People with wet AMD may notice straight lines appearing wavy or crooked. People may also notice a new blurry or dark area in their central vision, making it difficult to read or causing a sudden change in how clearly they see.
Unlike dry AMD, wet AMD can often be treated with medications. These medications are administered through injections into the eye and work by limiting the growth and leakage of abnormal blood vessels. Treatment can help preserve vision and, in some cases, improve it. However, vision may not return to its previous level, particularly if significant damage has already occurred.
Age-Related Eye Disease Studies
Another important development in AMD care came from the Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS and AREDS2), landmark clinical trials conducted by the National Eye Institute. These studies found that a specific combination of vitamins and minerals can help slow AMD progression in people with certain stages of the disease.
Some supplements are available over the counter, but they are not intended for everyone. They may benefit people with intermediate AMD or certain
forms of advanced disease, but they have not been shown to prevent AMD in people who do not have it. An optometrist can determine whether these supplements are appropriate.
When to Seek Care
One of the most important things to understand about macular degeneration is that early disease may not cause any symptoms. Waiting until vision becomes blurry or distorted can mean missing an opportunity to identify the condition before it progresses.
The Importance of Eye Exams
Comprehensive eye examinations allow an optometrist to evaluate the retina and macula for early signs of disease. Depending on the findings, additional imaging may be recommended to monitor changes over time. Your eye doctor may also recommend an Amsler grid, which can be used at home to monitor changes in central vision between appointments.
If you notice that straight lines suddenly appear wavy, a new blank or dark spot develops in your central vision, or your vision changes unexpectedly, contact your eye care professional immediately. Do not wait until your next scheduled appointment.
Book Your Appointment
Although macular degeneration can be a serious condition, early detection, appropriate monitoring, and timely treatment can make a meaningful difference in preserving vision. Regular eye examinations and healthy lifestyle choices are important steps toward supporting your sight for years to come. Book your next visit at any of our 3 locations today.